Our skies can sometimes presage the weather to come. In thunderstorms, a cirrus plume above an anvil cloud will often appear (visible by satellite) about half an hour before severe conditions are reported on the ground. A new study delves into the origins of these plumes and finds that they result from an internal hydraulic jump in the storm that acts a bit like an artificial mountain, driving air — and the moisture it contains — higher in the stratosphere than normal. Once the jump is established, the authors found it could drive 7 tonnes per second of water vapor into the stratosphere! (Image credit: jplenio; research credit: M. O’Neill et al.; via Science)
Tag: science
Liquid Umbrellas
Two well-timed and properly aligned droplets combine to create these umbrella-like fluid sculptures. The initial drop creates a jet that shoots upward. When the second drop hits that jet, it forms an expanding sheet of liquid like a miniature parasol. The higher the viscosity of the drops, the less lacy and unstable the sheet’s rim will be.
Although set-ups for these sorts of pictures can be finicky, they’re very doable, even for amateur photographers. In fact, the techniques used here have been around for about a century! (Image and research credit: A. Kiyama et al.)
Dune Invasion
Migrating sand dunes can encounter obstacles both natural and manmade as they move. Dunes — both above ground and under water — have been known to bury roads, pipelines, and even buildings. A recent experimental study looks at which obstacles a dune will cross and which will trap it in place. Their set-up consists of a narrow channel built in a ring, essentially a racetrack for dunes. Flow is driven by a series of paddles that rotate opposite the tank’s rotation.
The team studied obstacles of different shapes and sizes relative to their dunes, and they found that dunes were generally able to cross obstacles that were smaller than the dune. Obstacles larger than the dune would trap it in place, and, for obstacles close to the same size as the dune, round obstacles were easier to cross whereas sharp-angled ones tended to trap the dune.
The idealized nature of their experiment means that their results aren’t immediately applicable to the complex dunes of the outside world, but the study will be an important touchstone for those predicting dune behavior through numerical simulation. Studies like those require experimental cases to validate their baseline simulations. (Image credit: top – J. Bezanger, figure – K. Bacik et al.; research credit: K. Bacik et al.; via APS Physics)
On the Butterfly Effect
Fluid dynamics is a veritable playground of chaotic systems, but that doesn’t always translate to easy explanations, as Henry Reich points out in this Minute Physics video. The common metaphor for chaos is the Butterfly Effect, an idea that a butterfly flapping its wings causes a typhoon on the other side of the world. I agree with Henry that this is a poor example of chaos, for many of the same reasons he lays out. In reality, we call a system chaotic when its outcome is so sensitive to the initial conditions that the result becomes effectively unpredictable. And there are some very simple systems that are chaotic, like a double pendulum or a three-body problem. The weather is, honestly, too complicated of a system for the metaphor to make sense, but fluid dynamics does have other, simpler examples, like mixing in porous media, bouncing droplets, or, my personal favorite, the fluid dynamical sewing machine. (Video credit: Minute Physics)
Stormy Landscapes
Photographer Mitch Dobrowner captures the power of major storm systems across the western United States and Canada in these dramatic black-and-white images. Misty clouds, massive downpours, bulbous mammatus clouds, and lonely landscapes abound. You can find more of his work on his website and Instagram. (Image credit: M. Dobrowner; via Colossal)
Marshland Wave Damping
Coastal marshes are a critical natural defense against flooding. The flexible plants of the marsh both slow the water’s current and help damp waves. As a result of that hydrodynamic dissipation, marshes help protect against erosion and reduce the magnitude of flooding events. But coastal managers looking to maintain or improve their marshes in order to mitigate climate-change-driven storms need to be able to predict what level of vegetation they need.
To that end, a team of researchers has built a new model to better capture the flow effects of marsh grasses. Building from an individual, flexible plant (as opposed to a rigid cylinder, as grass is often represented), the authors constructed a model able to predict wave dissipation for many marsh configurations, which should help better predict the infrastructure changes needed in different coastal regions. (Image credit: T. Marquis; research credit: X. Zhang and H. Nepf; via APS Physics)
Siberia’s Lena River Delta
As rivers near the sea, they often slow down and branch out, creating intricate paths through delta wetlands. This video explores the Arctic’s largest river delta, that of the Lena River in Siberia, during its spring and summer flood season. The images were all taken by satellite and processed with color enhancements to highlight patterns in the water. Although this is not quite how the area would appear by eye, all of the visible patterns are real. (Image credit: N. Kuring/NASA’s Ocean Color Web; video credit: K. Hansen; via NASA Earth Observatory)
Cloud-Making Waves
As sea ice disappears in the Arctic Ocean, it leaves behind higher waves on the open water. These large waves help inject sea salt and organic matter into the atmosphere, where they can serve as nucleation sites for ice crystals. A recent field expedition in the Chukchi Sea observed high concentrations of organic particulates in the air and more ice-producing clouds during periods of high wave action. So, oddly enough, the loss of sea ice may lead to more cloud cover and precipitation in the Arctic (though the effect is likely not strong enough to entirely mitigate the effects of ice loss). It’s another example of the intricate and complex connections between ice, ocean, and atmosphere in the Arctic climate. (Image credit: A. Antas-Bergkvist; research credit: J. Inoue et al.; via Gizmodo)
Making Lava Lamps
Since their invention in the 1960s, lava lamps have been a fascinating example of convection in action. In this video, we see how they’re manufactured, including blowing the glass bottles, shaping the metal holder, and filling the lamps. The key to the lamp’s performance is the delicate thermal balance of its two liquids. As the waxy liquid warms, it floats up the lamp until it reaches the top, cools, and sinks back down to begin again. The exact formulation of the liquids is a closely guarded secret! Want more lava lamps? Check out how a wall of them help secure Internet traffic. (Image and video credit: Business Insider)
Making Horsehair Pottery
Native American potter Eric Louis combines traditional and modern techniques in his horsehair pottery. Like his mother and grandmother before him, he collects local clay and pottery shards to make the slip that forms his pieces. After molding and an initial firing in a kiln, he uses wood chips to keep the pottery hot while he applies horsehair. The hair ignites and carbonizes, leaving behind distinctive patterns in the clay that create a backdrop for his etchings. See more of his finished work here. (Image and video credit: Insider)
