Search results for: “art”

The Physics of Clogging
Clogging is one of those phenomenons that we encounter constantly, from overflowing storm drains to the traffic jam at the door when a lecture ends. It happens at all scales, too; ink-jet cartridges and microfluidic circuits can jam up just as thoroughly as a grain silo. Although there are many complexities to clogging, the basic mechanisms fall into three categories: sieving, bridging, and aggregation.
Of these, sieving is the most familiar; it occurs when a particle too large for the constriction gets stuck. That includes both a rock too large to fit down a storm drain and a leaf that gets caught in the wrong orientation.
Bridging, on the other hand, occurs when too many small particles reach a constriction at the same time. Although each one is small enough to fit on its own, their simultaneous arrival means that they jam together into a bridge that blocks the constriction. Given time, all flow comes to a stand still, as seen in the images below.
Sequence of images showing the formation of a particle bridge and subsequent clogging of the entire constriction.
The last mechanism, aggregation, is a more gradual blockage, formed as individual particles begin sticking to a surface, making the constriction progressively smaller. Think of those hard-water buildups that eventually block your shower head.
Some of these mechanisms are easier to prevent or clear than others, but researchers are making progress. For an overview of the field’s current standing, check out this Physics Today article. (Image credit: drain – R. Rampsch, bridging – D. Jeong et al.; see also B. Dincau et al. at Physics Today)
April 24, 2023
“Evanescent”
Giant iridescent inflatables dot public spaces in the “Evanescent” exhibit. The “bubble-tecture” is the work of Sydney-based artistic collaboration Atelier Sisu. Conceived during the pandemic, the duo “endeavoured to communicate this feeling of transient beauty and the need to live in the moment through the idea of the bubble.” The exhibit has appeared in more than 22 cities in 12 different countries. (Image credit: Atelier Sisu; via Colossal)
April 21, 2023
Water Builds Static Charge
The ancient Greeks first recognized static electricity, but the mechanisms behind it remain somewhat mysterious. In particular, it’s unclear how two pieces of the same material can build a charge between them simply by touching. Yet we regularly see examples of this when volcanic ash creates enough charge to discharge lightning. A new study sheds light on the question by studying the impact of a single grain of silica on a silica disk.
The researchers used acoustic levitation to hold their silica particle in place. By turning the acoustic waves off, they could bounce the grain off the disk, then catch the particle again with the acoustic field. After a bounce, they swept an electrical field across the particle and observed its oscillations to determine how much charge the particle held. When necessary, they could also discharge the particle.
This animation demonstrates the three phases of an experiment. In the first (left), the acoustic field is shut off, allowing the silica grain to fall and strike the disk. Then the field is turned back on to “catch” the particle. In the second phase (middle), the researchers use a sweeping electrical field to determine the charge built up on the grain. In the third phase (right), they periodically discharge the built-up charge on the particle.
What they found was that charge on the particle grew with the number of impacts. They also saw that they could reverse the polarity of the charge with careful cleaning and baking of their objects. Their conclusion is that adsorption of water from the surrounding air is what enables the build-up of static charge on identical materials. (Image credit: volcano – M. Szeglat, experiment – G. Grosjean and S. Waitukaitis; research credit: G. Grosjean and S. Waitukaitis; via APS Physics)
April 20, 2023
Explaining Salt Polygons
Around the world, salt playas are criss-crossed with meter-sized polygons formed by ridges of salt. The origins of these structures — and the reason for their consistency across different regions of the world — have been unclear, but a new study shows that salt polygons form due to convection happening in the soil underground.
Through a combination of numerical modeling, simulation, lab-scale experiment, and field work, the team revealed the mechanism underlying salt polygons. Areas that form polygons have much greater rates of evaporation than precipitation, and, as water evaporates, these areas draw groundwater from nearby. Salt gets carried with this groundwater.
With strong evaporation, the lake bed forms a highly-concentrated layer of salty water near the surface. Convection cells form, with some regions drawing less saline water upward, while denser, saltier water sinks in other areas. The subsurface convection lines up exactly with the surface structures. The interior regions of polygons are areas where less salty water rises, and salt instead concentrates along the edges of polygons, where saltier water sinks below the surface while evaporation draws solid salt to the surface.
This snapshot shows a numerical simulation of the subsurface convection and surface evaporation that lead to salt polygon formation. Low salinity areas are yellow, while high salinity ones are black. At the surface, blue regions have the maximum upward flow and red regions have the maximum downward flow. The dark, highly saline fingers under the surface align to the red areas on the surface, indicating areas where salty water is sinking.
It’s a beautiful result that matches the size, shape, and development time observed for salt polygons in the real world. The team even excavated below salt polygons in Death Valley to confirm that the salt content below ground matched their model’s patterns. Since salt playas are a major source for dust and aerosols that affect climate, their work will be an important factor in future climate modelling. (Image credit: feature – T. Nevidoma, simulation – J. Lasser et al.; research credit: J. Lasser et al.; via APS Physics; submitted by Kam-Yung Soh)
April 18, 2023
Stellar-Wind-Shaped Nebula
Stars about 100 times more massive than our sun live fast and die young. They burn through their hydrogen supply quickly, then start fusing heavier elements. As they do, their strong stellar winds start blowing off the exterior layers of the star. That’s the story behind WR 40, the star at the center of Nebula RCW 58. The nebula itself is made up of material blown off the star, carved into turbulent filaments by stellar winds. (Image credit: M. Selby and M. Hanson; via APOD)
April 13, 2023
Soap Film Ruptures
Soap film ruptures are well understood for your typical bubble solution, but what happens when tiny particles get added to the soap film? That’s the question in this recent study. Researchers added 660-nanometer particles, in varying amounts, to their soap films to see how it affected rupture. When they broke the films just after formation (top image), they found results that were quite similar to the usual, particle-free case. But when the films sat for awhile before breaking spontaneously (bottom image), the rupture caused wrinkling and folding similar to a piece of fabric. The researchers hypothesize that aging allowed the soap film to thin until the film and the particles were similar in size. Then, when the film ruptured, the particles affected how it broke up. (Image and research credit: P. Shah et al.)
After aging and thinning, a colloidal film ruptures spontaneously, forming fabric-like wrinkles.
April 11, 2023
Curved Cracks
When mixtures of particles and fluids dry, they typically leave a pattern of straight cracks. Here researchers explore what happens when the drying film contains bacteria from the family E. coli. Instead of straight cracks, the films form curved ones. With bacteria that rotate or tumble, the crack pattern is spiral-like. With bacteria that swim, the remaining pattern consists of circular cracks. Thus, the motility of the bacteria affects how cracks form and spread. (Image and research credit: Z. Liu et al.)
April 6, 2023
Superradiance in Fluids
A group of excited atoms can collectively emit more photons than they could individually in a phenomenon known as superradiance. Now researchers have shown that vibrating fluids can produce superradiance as well.
Two different wave fields used in the experiment, each with a different distance between the circular cavities.
Similar to other hydrodynamic quantum analogs, the researchers vertically vibrated a pool of liquid at a frequency that produced Faraday waves. Beneath the pool, they placed two circular wells, varying the distance between them to observe how their wave fields interacted. With a large enough vibration, the two circular wells emitted droplets (top image), and the number of droplets they produced was higher than expected for two independent wells, indicating superradiance. The results suggest that it may be possible to build even more hydrodynamic analogs of quantum systems than previously thought! (Image and research credit: V. Frumkin et al.; via APS Physics)
April 4, 2023
Exploding a Bubble
In this high-speed video, artist Linden Gledhill ignites a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen contained within a soap bubble. As neat as the video is, I decided to take a closer look at the initial detonation with this animation:
The ignition sequence within the bubble, slowed down further.
Even here, it’s hard to appreciate just how fast ignition is; it lasts only a handful of frames, despite filming at 40,000 frames per second. But we can still pick out some very neat physics. The ignition begins with a spike-like jet but immediately forks into three ignition fronts that pierce the soap bubble. You can see the shadowy mist of the bubble bursting as the flame front expands. Watch the background carefully, and you can see a shock wave flying away from that moment of detonation.

Once the soap bubble is gone, the expanding flames begin to wrinkle and deform. Turbulence takes shape, eddying through the flames at a much slower speed than the initial detonation. This is where most of combustion takes place, with turbulence mixing the hydrogen and oxygen together to better enable burning. (Image and video credit: L. Gledhill)
March 31, 2023
A Game of Toss
Over the past few years, we’ve seen lots of droplets bouncing and walking on waves. But today’s example is a little different. In this set-up, the wave is a large standing wave that sloshes from side-to-side in a narrow container. As it does, the wave catches and tosses a large ~3mm water droplet. The system is surprisingly stable, with this game of catch lasting for tens of thousands of cycles and up to 90 minutes before the droplet coalesces. The researchers found that, if the droplet tries to wander from its spot, the oscillating surface wave corrects it, guiding the droplet back to the optimal position. (Image and research credit: C. Sandivari et al.; via APS Physics; submitted by Kam-Yung Soh)
March 30, 2023

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