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Search results for: “vortex”

  • Rio 2016: Sailing and Rule 42

    Rio 2016: Sailing and Rule 42

    If you watch some of the sailing in Rio, you may hear commentators mention sailors being penalized for breaking Rule 42. Broadly speaking, Rule 42 says that sailors can’t use their body to propel the boat. While it seems like a little rocking couldn’t make much difference, it turns out events have these rules for good reason.

    One way to break Rule 42 is to perform sail flicking, demonstrated in the animation above. The sailor uses his or her body weight to roll the boat slightly, which causes the sail to flick. Aerodynamically speaking, we’d call this motion heaving. On the flexible sail, this unsteady motion decreases drag, allowing the boat to go faster. Done with the right frequency and amplitude, sail flicking actually makes the sail’s drag become negative, thereby creating thrust!

    The bottom image shows a visualization of the wake of a normal sail (left) and a sail being flicked (right). Both sails shed vortices in the downstream direction, but the flicked sail has much stronger vortices, indicated by the darker colors. In addition to giving a sailor an illegal boost, sail flicking creates more difficult, turbulent conditions for any competitors downstream, so it’s restricted in many (but not all) sailing events. (Image credits: AP Photos; Reuters; National Solo, source; research and flow diagram credit: R. Schutt and C. Williamson, pdf)

    Join us throughout the Rio Olympics for more fluid dynamics in sports. If you love FYFD, please help support the site!

  • Dust Devils

    Dust Devils

    Dust devils, like fire tornadoes and waterspouts, form from warm, rising air. As the sun heats the ground to temperatures hotter than the surrounding atmosphere, hot air will begin to rise. When it rises, that air leaves behind a region of lower pressure that draws in nearby air. Any vorticity in that air gets intensified as it gets pulled toward the low pressure area. It will start to spin faster, exactly like a spinning ice skater who pulls in his arms. The result is a spinning vortex of air driven by buoyant convection. On Earth, dust devils are typically no more than a few meters in size and can only pick up light objects like leaves or hay. On Mars, dust devils can be hundreds of meters tall, and, though they’re too weak to do much damage, they have helpfully cleaned off the solar panels of some of our rovers! (Image credit: T. Bargman, source; via Gizmodo)

  • These Invertibrates May Help Robots Swim

    These Invertibrates May Help Robots Swim

    New FYFD video! Learn all about salps, vortex rings, and underwater robots. Thanasi Athanassiadis takes me inside his lab and his newly published research into how proximity affects the thrust two vortex rings can produce.

    There are a ton of little things I love about how this video came out, especially the chalkboard animations. Check it the full video below and click through to the video description for lots more information about salps and vortex rings.

    (Image and video credits: N. Sharp and A. Athanassiadis; Original salp images: A. Migotto and D. Altherr)

  • Vortices in the Wind

    Vortices in the Wind

    Heard Island, a remote patch of rock in the southwestern Indian Ocean, peeks its head above the marine cloud layer. The volcanic island disrupts the atmosphere enough to generate a von Karman vortex street, a line of alternating vortices shedding from either side of the island. Usually these vortices would march in a straight line downstream from their source. But here strong winds from the south have blown a bunch of its vortices northward, creating an unusual kink in the island’s wake. (Image credit: J. Schmaltz/LANCE EOSDIS Rapid Response; via NASA Earth Observatory)

  • Bubble Tricks

    [original media no longer available]

    Everyone remembers playing with soap bubbles as a child, but most of us probably never became as adept with them as magician Denis Lock. In this video, Lock shows off some of the clever things one can do with surface tension and thin films. My favorite demo starts at 1:25, when he constructs a spinning vortex inside a bubble. He starts with one big bubble and adds a smaller, smoke-filled one beneath it. Then, using a straw, he blows off-center into the large bubble. This sets up some vorticity inside the bubble. When he breaks the film between the two bubbles, the smoke mixes into the already-swirling air in the larger bubble. Then he pokes a hole in the top of the bubble. Air starts rushing out the deflating bubble. As the air flows toward the center of the bubble, it spins faster because of the conservation of angular momentum and a miniature vortex takes shape.  (Video credit: D. Lock/Tonight at the London Palladium/ via J. Hertzberg)

  • Reader Question: Shower Curtains

    Reader Question: Shower Curtains

    Reader thansy asks:

    Why do the bottoms of shower curtains drift in toward the water coming from the shower head?

    We all know that moment. You’re minding your own business, scrubbing away, and all of a sudden, the shower curtain billows up and grabs you. Scientists have debated the cause of this behavior for years. Some argued that the curtain billowed due to hot air rising from the shower. Others claimed the fast-moving spray caused lift that pulled the curtain up. But fifteen years ago, one scientist tackled the problem computationally. He performed a numerical simulation of a shower head spraying into a bath and found that this spray of droplets creates a weak horizontal vortex in the shower.

    This shower vortex has a low-pressure core at the middle, which is thought to provide the suction that causes the shower curtain to billow. The scientist, David Schmidt, was awarded the 2001 Ig Nobel Prize for his work. (Image credits: N. Paix, D. Schmidt; research credit: D. Schmidt)

  • Wingtip Vortices Visualized

    Wingtip Vortices Visualized

    In flight, airplane wings produce dramatic wingtip vortices. These vortices reduce the amount of lift a 3D wing produces relative to a 2D one. How much they influence the lift depends on both the strength and proximity of the vortex. The stronger and closer it is, the more detrimental its effect. One way airplane designers reduce the effects of wingtip vortices is by adding an extra section, called a winglet, to the end of the wing. Among other effects, the winglet moves the wingtip vortex further away from the main wing, which reduces its influence and allows the airplane to regain some of the lift that would otherwise be lost. (Image credits: A. Wielandt et al., source)

  • Climbing Up the Walls

    Climbing Up the Walls

    You may have noticed when baking that fluids don’t always behave as expected when you agitate them. If you put a spinning rod into a fluid, we’d expect the rod to fling fluid away, creating a little vortex that stirs everything around. And for a typical (Newtonian) fluid, this is what we see. The fluid’s viscosity tries to resist deforming the fluid, but the momentum imparted by the rod wins out. With a viscoelastic fluid, on the other hand, the story is much different. As before, the spinning of the rod deforms the fluid. But the viscoelastic fluid contains long chains of polymers. As those polymers get stretched by the deformation, they generate their own forces, including forces parallel to the rod. Instead of being flung outward, the viscoelastic fluid starts climbing up the rod, with the stretchy elasticity of the polymers helping pull more fluid up and up.  (Image credit: Ewoldt Research Group, source)

  • Bumblebees in Turbulence

    Bumblebees in Turbulence

    Bumblebees are small all-weather foragers, capable of flying despite tough conditions. Given the trouble that micro air vehicles have when flying in gusty winds, bumblebees can help engineers to understand how nature successfully deals with turbulence. Under smooth laminar conditions like those shown in the animation above, bumblebees stay aloft by beating their wings forward and backward in a figure-8-like motion. On both the forward downstroke and the backward upstroke, you’ll notice a blue bulge near the front of the bee’s wing. This is a leading-edge vortex, which provides much of the bee’s lift.

    Researchers were curious how adding turbulence would affect their virtual bee’s flight. The still image above shows the bee in moderate freestream turbulence (shown in cyan). Surprisingly, this outside turbulence has very little effect on the flow generated by the bee, shown in pink. In fact, the researchers found that the bees could fly through turbulence without a significant increase in power. Too much turbulence does make it hard for the bee to control its flight, though. The bee’s shape makes it prone to rolling, and the researchers estimated, based on a bee’s 20 ms reaction time, that bumblebees can probably only correct that roll and maintain controlled flight at turbulence intensities less than 63% of the mean wind speed. (Image credits: T. Engels et al., source; via Physics Focus)

  • Mushrooms Make Their Own Breeze

    Mushrooms Make Their Own Breeze

    Plants and other non-motile organisms have developed some clever methods to disperse their seeds and spores for reproduction. Some plants use vortex rings for dispersal; others make their seeds aerodynamic. Low ground-dwellers like mushrooms must contend with a lack of wind to lift their spores and carry them away. Instead, they use evaporative cooling to generate their own air currents.

    Mushroom caps contain a lot of water and, as that water evaporates, it cools air near the mushroom, just as sweat evaporating off your skin cools you. That cooler, denser air tends to spread, carrying the spores outward. At the same time, the freshly evaporated water vapor is less dense than the surrounding air, so it rises. This combination of rising and spreading is capable of carrying spores tens of centimeters into the air, where the wind is stronger and able to carry spores further.  (Image credit: New Atlantis, source; research credit: E. Dressaire et al.)

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