Rafts of sea ice follow swirling eddies in this satellite image of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Just as with phytoplankton blooms and sediment, this thin sea ice can be moved by wind and currents to reveal hidden flow patterns. Experimentalists use many similar diagnostics that introduce bubbles, particles, smoke, and other tracers into flows to visualize motion that’s otherwise invisible. (Image credit: J. Stevens/NOAA/NASA; via NASA Earth Observatory)
Tag: flow visualization
Colorful Dissipation
Colorful eddies swirl in this short video from photographer Karl Gaff. Formed near the boundary at the bottom of the frame, these eddies act to dissipate some of the energy in the flow. Structures like these are key in turbulent flows, where energy must pass from large eddies to smaller and smaller ones until they reach a size where viscosity can extinguish them. (Video, image, and submission credit: K. Gaff)
P.S. – Today’s post is FYFD’s 2,500th! Crazy, right? That means we have a pretty enormous archive. Want to explore? Click here for a random post.
Nitro Bubble Cascades
Fans of nitro beers — particularly Guinness’ stout — have probably noticed the fascinating cascade of bubbles that form as the beer settles. It’s a non-intuitive behavior — bubbles rise since they’re lighter than the surrounding fluid. So why do the bubbles appear to sink in these beers?
There are several effects at play here. Firstly, overall the bubbles in the beer are rising; even mixing nitrogen gas into a beer in place of carbon dioxide doesn’t change that. But pint glasses typically flare so that they’re wider at the top than at the bottom. Since the bubbles rise essentially straight up, this causes a bubble-less film to form near the upper walls. And as that heavier fluid sinks, it pulls some of the tiny nitrogen bubbles with it. (You don’t see this effect in typical beers because the bubbles there are larger and thus too buoyant to get pulled down by the falling fluid.)
As for the cascading waves we see in the bubbles, this, too, comes from the shape of the glass. Hydrodynamically speaking, what’s happens as the fluid film slides down the pint glass is similar to what happens when rain runs downhill. Beyond a certain angle, the flow becomes unstable and will form rolls and waves of varying thickness instead of sinking in a thin, uniform layer. As the film goes, so go the bubbles being dragged along, giving everyone at the bar a brief but entertaining fluid dynamical show. (Image credits: pints – M. d’Itri; bubble cascade – T. Watamura et al.; research credit: T. Watamura et al.)
Vortex Collisions Leave Clues to Turbulence
Vortex ring collisions have long been admired for their beauty, but they’re now shedding light on the fundamental interactions that lead to turbulence. By dying just the cores of colliding vortex rings (Image 2), researchers observed anti-symmetric perturbations that develop along each core as they interact. These are indicative of what’s known as the elliptical instability.
But the breakdown doesn’t stop there. Instead, as the elliptical instability develops, it generates a set of secondary vortex filaments that wrap around the original cores (Image 3). Just like the original vortex cores, those counter-rotating secondary filaments interact with one another, develop their own elliptical instability, and generate a set of smaller, tertiary filaments (Image 4).
What’s exciting is that this process gives us a physical mechanism for the turbulent energy cascade. Researchers have talked for decades about energy passing from large-scale eddies to smaller and smaller ones, but this work lets us actually observe that cascade in the form of smaller and smaller pairs of vortex filaments interacting. To see more, check out some of our previous posts on this work. (Image and research credit: R. McKeown et al.; via Cosmos; submitted by Ryan M. and Kam-Yung Soh)
Inferring Flows with Neural Networks
Fluid dynamicists have long used flow visualization methods to get a qualitative sense for flows, but it’s rare to derive much quantitative data from this imagery. But that may soon change thanks to a new computational technique, called Hidden Fluid Mechanics, that uses data from flow visualizations combined with physics-informed neural networks to derive the underlying velocities and pressures in a flow.
The technique relies on two important ideas. One is that the dye, smoke, or other method of visualizing the flow does not alter the underlying flow; it’s just something carried along by the fluid. In other words, the flow behaves exactly the same whether or not you inserted dye or smoke.
The second key idea is that the Navier-Stokes equations — which are derived from conservation of mass, momentum, and energy — accurately describe the physics of a flow. That assumption is critical to the technique since it uses those equations to constrain the flow fields the algorithm reconstructs.
So here, roughly speaking, is what the algorithm actually does: researchers feed it concentration data from a flow visualization — essentially how much smoke or dye is present at every point in space and time — and the neural network reconstructs, based on the Navier-Stokes equations, what velocity and pressure field would produce that concentration data.
The researchers demonstrate the capabilities of their algorithm by comparing its results to flows where all the information is known. The first image in the gallery above shows concentration data for the flow in an aneurysm. The full flow field is known already from a numerical simulation, but the researchers gave their new algorithm only the concentration data. From that, it reconstructed the streamlines for the aneurysm’s flow, shown in the second image as “Learned”. The “Exact” streamlines on the left are taken from the original numerical simulation data. As you can see, the results are remarkably similar. (Image credit: drawings – L. da Vinci, others – M. Raissi et al.; research credit: M. Raissi et al.; submitted by Stuart H.)
Gliding Birds Get Extra Lift From Their Tails
Gorgeous new research highlights some of the differences between fixed-wing flight and birds. Researchers trained a barn owl, tawny owl, and goshawk to glide through a cloud of helium-filled bubbles illuminated by a light sheet. By tracking bubbles’ movement after the birds’ passage, researchers could reconstruct the wake of these flyers.
As you can see in the animations above and the video below, the birds shed distinctive wingtip vortices similar to those seen behind aircraft. But if you look closely, you’ll see a second set of vortices, shed from the birds’ tails. This is decidedly different from aircraft, which actually generate negative lift with their tails in order to stabilize themselves.
Instead, gliding birds generate extra lift with their maneuverable tails, using them more like a pilot uses wing flaps during approach and landing. Unlike airplanes, though, birds rely on this mechanism for more than avoiding stall. It seems their tails actually help reduce their overall drag! (Image and research credit: J. Usherwood et al.; video credit: Nature News; submitted by Jorn C. and Kam-Yung Soh)
Siberia’s Rivers
Each winter the Kolyma River in Siberia freezes to a depth of several meters. But by June the river thaws and discharges its annual 136 cubic kilometers of water into the Arctic. The dark color of the river comes from the sediment and organic material it carries. The Kolyma is the world’s largest river underlain with continuous permafrost. Parts of the river system’s permafrost date back to the Pleistocene more than 12,000 years ago. Since much of its organic matter comes from its permafrost, researchers expect the amount of organic material in the Kolyma’s discharge to increase as the permafrost degrades in our warming climate. (Image credit: NASA Earth Observatory)
Blowing Vortex Rings from Bubbles
When bubbles burst, we often pay attention to the retracting film and forming droplets, but what happens to the air that was inside? By placing a little smoke inside them, we can see. The air inside these bubbles is slightly pressurized compared to the ambient, and as such a bubble ruptures, its air gets pushed out the expanding hole. That momentum makes the air curl as it forces its way into the surrounding air, creating a stack of vortex rings. The researchers observed as many as six stacked vortices from bubbles just under 4 cm in diameter. (Image and research credit: A. Dasouqi and D. Murphy; video credit: Science; see also A. Dasouqi and D. Murphy)
CU Flow Vis 2019
I love when science and art come together, which is why I’ve long been a fan of the Flow Vis course at CU Boulder. Some of my earliest posts on FYFD date from previous editions of the course. Here are a few of my favorite images from the Fall 2019 class, from the top:
- Ferrofluid and India ink merge in this colorful photo. A magnet underneath the mixture on the left side causes the dark spikes of ferrofluid, but without magnetic influence, the ink and ferrofluid form cell-like droplets.
- Although it looks like a shower head, this is actually fluorescent oobleck dripping through a strainer. A relatively long exposure time means that it’s impossible to tell whether the oobleck is falling in a fluid stream or broken-up chunks.
- These colorful water droplets are sitting on a hydrophobic surface, hence their extremely rounded edges. I particularly like how this makes each one like a little lens for the light shining through them and into their shadows.
- A thin layer of ferrofluid reacts to the magnet beneath. Gotta love those little streaks left behind the flow.
For those in the Front Range area, the Flow Vis class will be showcasing their work on Saturday, December 14th at the Fiske Planetarium. Snacks are at 4:30 pm and the show starts at 5 pm. For those not nearby, you can peruse the art from this semester and previous ones at your leisure online. (Image credits: colorful ferrofluid – R. Drevno; falling oobleck – A. Kumar; droplets – A. Barron; macro ferrofluid – A. Zetley)
Swirling Vortex
So much of fluid dynamics comes down to finding the right way to observe a flow. This image of a swirling tropical system was captured by an astronaut aboard the International Space Station in April 2019. The low sun angle at the time makes the shadows stretch long across the cloud tops, giving them greater definition as well as a tint of sunset color. As drastic as the system looks from this angle, it was a short-lived vortex that never made landfall, so it was never officially named. (Image credit: Expedition 59 Crew; via NASA Earth Observatory)
