Tag: flow visualization

Two Views of Ocean Eddies
Colorful, sediment-laden eddies swirl off the Italian coast in this satellite image. These small-scale eddies — less than 10 km in diameter — can be short-lived and are often difficult to capture in numerical models, but remote sensing can help scientists better understand their impact on oceanic mixing, especially when we capture more than one view of the same event.
The image below shows the same eddies in an infrared (thermal) view. The resolution on this instrument is not as fine as the natural color one, but we can still make out some of the same swirling motions. It’s also worth comparing the features we don’t see in both images. For example, the Cornia River discharges in infrared as a bright, white plume of cooler water, but it’s barely visible in the color-image, suggesting that the river is not contributing much sediment to the bay. (Image credit: USGS; via NASA Earth Observatory)
September 8, 2020
Flexible Filament Reduces Drag
Most shapes aren’t streamlined for fluid flow. We call these bulky, often boxy shapes, bluff bodies. Above, we see two examples of a bluff body, a flat plate, in a soap film. On the left, the plate sits perpendicular to the soap film’s top-to-bottom flow. Two large, counter-rotating vortices form behind the plate and a wide wake stretches behind it.
On the right, we see the same flat plate but now a long, flexible filament is attached to either end. As the flow moves past, it deforms the filament, creating a rounded shape. Researchers found that, under the right conditions, this flexible afterbody could reduce drag on the object by up to 10%. (Image and research credit: S. Gao et al.)
September 2, 2020
Ghostly Chandeliers
Under a black light, highlighter fluid creates ghostly trails as it drips through water. The vortices that form and break into this chandelier-like shape are the result of density differences between the ink and water. Since ink is heavier than water, it sinks, but as the two fluids flow past, they shear one another, forming elaborate shapes. Formally, this is known as the Rayleigh-Taylor instability. While you may be most familiar with it from pouring cream into coffee, it’s also a key to mixing in the ocean and the explosions of supernovas. (Image credit: S. Adams et al.; via Flow Vis)
August 10, 2020
“Waves”
The “Waves” installation by artist Daniel Palacios appears deceptively simple, just a rope mounted between two motors. But once the motors start spinning, it is anything but. The installation shifts in response to those around it, creating varying numbers of steady, standing waves or even wildly chaotic ones that whistle through the air. It’s a neat visualization of one of the most commonly-measured quantities in physics: the changes in a wave with time. (Video and image credit: D. Palacios; via Flow Vis)
August 3, 2020
Quantifying Bioluminescence
Some single-celled organisms, like dinoflagellates, light up when disturbed. This bioluminescence is considered a defense mechanism, triggered by threats to the organism. Now researchers are quantifying just what it takes to light up a single dinoflagellate.
Dinoflagellates respond both to stress caused by the fluid flow around them and to mechanical deformation — in other words, getting poked. Both methods involve bending and stretching the dinoflagellate’s cell wall, which stretches calcium-ion channels connected to bioluminescence. The researchers found that the intensity of the light produced depended both on the amount and speed of cell wall deformation.
The model built from their observations should help scientists better understand what forces cause a specific response. That means dinoflagellates could be used as a non-invasive means of understanding fluid flow around swimmers like dolphins or sea lions! (Image and research credit: M. Jalaal et al.; via APS Physics)
July 30, 2020
How Well Do Masks Work?
Many mixed messages have been spread about the efficacy of masks in preventing transmission of COVID-19. Nevertheless, there is good evidence that they help, as discussed in this video from It’s Okay to Be Smart. Much of the video shows schlieren imaging of a (healthy) individual engaging in regular activities – like talking, breathing, and coughing — with and without a cloth mask.
Now, it’s important to note that what you see in these images is airflow, not the droplets that can carry the virus. However, research has shown that these airflows play a significant role in transporting droplets. It follows that disrupting those airflows can disrupt transmission of diseases passed via droplet. This is one of the key reasons to wear a mask.
Notice how far jets and plumes of air fly from a maskless person’s mouth and nose. We cannot even observe how far momentum carries that air because the area visualized in this schlieren set-up is smaller than the full distance the air moves! But wearing a mask breaks up that flow structure. It reduces the air’s momentum, and it forces any air that does escape to move in smaller, less efficient structures. Even without considering any filtering effects or the fact that masks catch large droplets coming out of the wearer’s mouth, it’s clear that mask-wearing keeps others nearby safer. (Video and image credit: It’s Okay to Be Smart; references)
July 9, 2020
New Signs of Turbulence in Blood Flow
Our bodies are filled with a network of blood vessels responsible for keeping our cells oxygenated and carrying away waste products. In many ways, our blood vessels are tiny pipes, but there’s a crucial difference in the flow they carry: it’s pulsatile. Because the flow is driven by our hearts, rather than a continuous pump, every heartbeat creates a distinct cycle of acceleration and deceleration in the flow. And new research has found that this cycle, when combined with curvature or flow restrictions like plaque build-up, can create turbulence in unexpected places.
Specifically, the researchers found that decelerating pipe flows can develop a helical instability that breaks down into turbulence, even in vessels where purely laminar flow would be expected. In the animations above, you can see the flow slow, develop swirls and then break into turbulence. The flow becomes laminar again as it accelerates, but during that brief bout of turbulence there’s much higher forces on the walls of a blood vessel. Over time, that extra force could contribute to inflammation or even hardening of the arteries. (Image and research credit: D. Xu et al.; via phys.org)
June 1, 2020
Aerosol Transport
NASA Goddard has produced another gorgeous visualization of how various aerosols move around our world. This visualization is constructed from data collected between August 2019 and January 2020, which means that it captures numerous typhoons as well as the extreme bushfires that occurred in Australia.
Different colors represent different aerosol sources: carbon (red), sulfate (green), dust (orange), sea salt (blue), and nitrate (pink). The brighter the color, the higher the concentration of aerosols. With this, we see steady patterns of natural sea salt transport and the billowing flow of dust from Saharan Africa. But we can also see manmade pollution from sources across the Northern Hemisphere, as well as major output from the Australian bushfires. It’s a good reminder that none of us is truly isolated in this interconnected world of ours. (Video and image credit: NASA Goddard; via Flow Vis)
May 18, 2020
Colorful Tides
This false-color satellite image — the recent winner of NASA Earth Observatory’s Tournament Earth 2020 — shows sands and seaweed off the coast of the Bahamas. Ocean currents and tides eroded these elaborate fluted designs in much the same way that winds sculpt desert dunes. The overlap in form is no accident; as seen in recent work, researchers are finding that both air and water move granular materials like sand according to the same rules. (Image credit: S. Andrefouet; via NASA Earth Observatory)
May 13, 2020
Bioluminescence at the Beach
A bioluminescent phytoplankton bloom is causing a stir among California beachgoers. During the daytime, aggregations of Lingulodinium polyedra appear reddish-brown in color (think the classic ‘red tide’). But at night the phytoplankton bioluminesce, specifically when they’re disturbed by a change in shear force. This is why the brightest glows are visible in crashing waves or around the boards of surfers.
Beautiful as it appears, blooms like these are deadly to marine life. The excess numbers of phytoplankton strip water of oxygen, causing mass die-offs among fish. Even residents several miles inland of the beaches are reporting the unpleasant smell that results. (Image credits: AP; video credit: Scripps Institute of Oceanography; via Gizmodo)

May 11, 2020