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Shaking a fluid surface often results in standing waves known as Faraday waves, but with a non-Newtonian fluid like oobleck, at some frequencies it’s possible to incite other behaviors. Oobleck is shear-thickening, meaning that its viscosity increases when force is applied. This is what allows it to develop finger-like protrusions under high frequency vibrations.
The vibration caused by rubbing a Tibetan singing bowl excites standing waves in a Faraday instability on the surface of water in the bowl. As the amplitude of excitation increases, jets roil across the surface, creating a spray of droplets, some of which actually bounce on the surface as it vibrates. For more see the BBC and SciAm articles.
Condensation clouds form around sections of Atlantis as STS-135–the final space shuttle flight–launches from Cape Canaveral this morning. These clouds, also called Prandtl-Glauert singularities or vapor cones, form at transonic speeds when air accelerates around the vehicle. The area just behind these shock waves experiences a drop in pressure and temperature that brings a localized portion of the flow below the dew point. Rapid condensation of the moisture in the air results. Miss the launch? Watch it here.
The exhaust of a Pratt and Whitney J58 shines with Mach diamonds, a series of shock waves and expansion fans that form to equalize the exhaust and ambient pressures. This pattern can occur any time an engine nozzle operates at its non-ideal altitude.
When a space shuttle lands, a lucky few will hear twin sonic booms as it passes overhead. The double boom occurs due to the shock waves from in front of the shuttle and just behind it passing the observer on the ground. The colorized schlieren photograph above shows shock waves on a model of an early shuttle prototype. The fore and aft shocks that run from the craft to the ground are even clearer on this photo of a T-38 in flight. (Photo credit: Gary Settles)
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This video shows a CFD simulation of a bullet passing through a parallel channel at Mach 2. The simulation captures 3 milliseconds of real-time and shows the Mach number in the top view and the temperature in the bottom view. Note how the bow shock near the front of the bullet and the trailing shock behind it reflect off the walls of the channel and interact. Even though the calculation is inviscid, the shock waves cause intense heating (white) in front of and behind the bullet.
Imagine blowing through a straw into a nearly empty glass–we probably all did this as children and sent water, milk, and soda flying everywhere! In essence, this video shows that same act, but filmed by a high-speed camera. The “straw” blows a steady stream of helium into a shallow pool of silicone oil and slowly moves so that the angle the straw makes with the pool changes. As the angle changes, different regimes are visible. First waves appear on the surface of the pool, then a bulge forms, which develops into a droplet stream, then on into the chaos of bubbles and jets. It’s good I couldn’t see this in slow motion as a child or I would have never used my straw for drinking!
This image of the Apollo 11 launch shows the Saturn V’s underexpanded nozzle (identifiable by the excessive width of the exhaust jet) shortly after liftoff. The faint diamond shape of the exhaust is a series of shock waves and expansion fans that equalize the exhaust pressure to the ambient. In general, a rocket nozzle is most efficient when it expands the exhaust to ambient pressure, but, since ambient pressure changes with altitude, designers have to choose a particular altitude for peak efficiency or design a nozzle capable of changing its shape with altitude.
This simulation shows how tsunami waves are expected to spread from the epicenter of the Japanese magnitude-8.9 earthquake. Note the complicated interference and reflection patterns. The main wavefront moved at a speed of about 230 m/s (830 km/h) between Japan and Hawaii.
The patterns formed when vibrating a liquid on a speaker cone are standing waves known as Faraday waves. With a large enough amplitude, this produces some very cool effects with a shear-thickening non-Newtonian fluid like oobleck. (It would actually be interesting to see what happens when you vibrate a shear-thinning liquid like shampoo…) This video also details how you can set up this demonstration yourself at home.