When ice forms in salty water, it starts out mushy and porous. Salt does not freeze neatly into ice’s crystalline structure, so the forming ice has pores and gaps where salty brine gathers. As the ice ages, more brine is pushed out and gradually convects downward, due to its greater density. Over time, this makes the ice layer thinner but more solid, with fewer pores. You can see a timelapse of the process in a laboratory experiment below. (Image credit: sea ice – C. Matias, experiment – F. Wang et al.; research credit: F. Wang et al.)
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