Month: July 2016

The Seabird That Can’t Get Wet
Unlike most seabirds, the frigatebird does not have waterproof feathers. Landing in the water during a transoceanic flight would quickly drown the bird, so instead they stay aloft. But until recently, scientists did not realize just how adept the birds are. Studying tagged frigatebirds in flight, researchers found that the birds could reach altitudes of 4000 meters and that they could soar without flapping for up to 64 kilometers! They achieve these heights by seeking out clouds, which mark strong atmospheric updrafts. The birds ride these thermals up to the cloud tops – well into freezing conditions – and then glide slowly back down.
Their bodies are impressively built for slow glides. Frigatebirds boast a low body weight for their large wing area. This ratio is known as wing loading, and it’s a fundamental characteristic of any flier, avian or otherwise. Low wing loading is key to gliding longer because it reduces the speed at which a glider loses altitude. (Image credit: D. Brossard; research credit: H. Weimarskirch et al.; via @skunkbear)
July 15, 2016
Reader Question: Blood Jets
Reader shoebill-san asks:
are blood jets realistic? when someone gets shot in the movies?
This one’s a bit tough to boil down to a yes or a no, honestly. While piercing an artery can cause jetting (more on that below), movies tend to exaggerate the effect. And even among Hollywood movies, there’s a broad variation in how wounds are represented. I’m pretty sure no one thinks that blood actually behaves like it does in Monty Python or a Tarantino film!
That said, depending on the wound, there can be a jetting effect thanks to the pulsing of our hearts. Scientists have even worked to numerically simulate human blood flow after a wound. I’ve included a video example above. Be warned – some viewers may find it gross. That said, there’s nothing all that graphic on display.
As you can see, wounds to arteries have an apparent jetting motion thanks to our pulses. Bleeding from veins tends to look more uniform because the pressure pulse caused by each heartbeat has been smoothed out by the viscous effects of all the blood vessels in between. (Video credit: K. Chong et al.)
July 14, 2016
Reversing Time
Waves contain lots of information. They are also time invariant, which means that they will behave the same regardless of whether time moves forward or backward. This isn’t a property we observe often in life since time just moves forward for us. But a new experiment has demonstrated a method of wave control that can, in a sense, roll back the clock.
To do this, the scientists created a instantaneous time mirror, or ITM. When they create a disturbance on the surface of a pool of water, it sends out capillary waves in the form of ripples. A short time later, they accelerate the pool sharply downward. This universal disturbance is their instantaneous time mirror, which generates backward-propagating ripples. Those new backward-propagating waves travel back toward the source and refocus into the shape of the initial disturbance. This works for both a simple point disturbance (top image) and for a more complicated geometry like a smiley face (bottom image). (Image credit: V. Bacot et al., source; submitted by @g_durey)
ETA: To be clear, this experiment does not refute causality. It’s more like saying that the information for the initial conditions is still carried on in the later state and that you can do something to extract that information.
July 13, 2016
Crash Course Hydrostatics
Crash Course Physics has just put out an episode on fluids at rest (a.k.a. hydrostatics). For those who are unfamiliar, Crash Course is an educational YouTube channel that offers fun, instructional videos on a large and ever-growing array of topics. In this video, they tackle a lot of important basics for fluids, including the principles behind hydraulics, how to measure pressure, and how buoyancy works. It’s pretty densely packed, and, if you’re learning the concepts for the first time, you’ll probably pause and rewatch some segments, but even if you’re familiar with the topics, it’s a nice refresher. (Video credit: Crash Course Physics)
July 12, 2016
Amphibious Adaptation
Every year newts move to the water in the springtime to mate before returning to land for the rest of the year. This annual aquatic relocation is accompanied by changes in the newt’s body. Flaps of skin grow from their upper jaw to their lower jaw, partially closing their mouths at the corners. This can be seen in the left column of the animation compared to the center and right.
Numerical simulation shows that this mouth change has a significant impact on the newt’s ability to hunt underwater. Newts are suction feeders, who open their jaws and expand their mouth cavity to suck in water and their prey. By closing off the corners of their mouths during their aquatic phase, the newts generate more suction, reaching peak flow velocities 10% to 50% higher than in their terrestrial form and enabling them to pull prey from 15% further away. When they leave the water, the newts lose the extra flaps so that their mouths can open wider for catching prey on land. (Image credit: S. Van Wassenbergh and E. Heiss, source)
July 11, 2016
“Memories of Paintings”
In “Memories of Paintings,” Thomas Blanchard gives us an up-close view of fluids and mixing. It’s a calming and curious video made from combinations of paint, oil, oat milk, and soap. The fluids feather and intertwine, driven by differences in surface tension. Paint gets encapsulated by immiscible oil to create little islands of color that float and dance against the background. It’s a fun journey through effects that we witness daily but rarely take the time to watch. (Video credit: T. Blanchard; via Gizmodo)
July 8, 2016
Turbulence in the Solar Wind
One of the key features of turbulent flows is that they contain many different length scales. Look at the plume from an erupting volcano, and you’ll see eddies that are hundreds of meters across as well as tiny ones on the order of millimeters. This enormous difference in scale is one of the major challenges in simulating turbulent flows. Since energy enters at the large scale and is passed to smaller and smaller scales before being dissipated at the tiniest scales of the flow, properly simulating a turbulent flow requires resolving all of these length scales. This is especially challenging for applications like the solar wind – the stream of charged particles that flows from the sun and gets diverted around the Earth by our magnetic field. The image above shows some of the turbulence in our solar wind. The structures seen in the flow range from the size of the Earth all the way to the scale of electrons! (Image credit: B. Loring, Berkeley Lab)
July 7, 2016
Flying in Cramped Quarters
A new study has found that budgerigars (also commonly known as parakeets or budgies) fly at only two distinct speeds. The researchers flew the birds in a tapered tunnel to see how they navigated in response to widening or narrowing paths. What they found, regardless of the flight direction in the tunnel, is that the birds fly at approximately 9.5 m/s in areas wider than 2.5 times their wingspan and drop suddenly to a speed about half that when in narrower areas. The higher speed falls within the bird’s most energy-efficient range, suggesting that the birds may prefer flying at this condition. Insects like bumblebees also change speeds when entering cluttered environments, but the insects do so gradually, not suddenly like the budgerigars. The reason for this difference is not yet known, but it could relate to how the animals sense their environment or to differences in their flight efficiency when varying speed. (Image credit: J. Bendon; research credit: I. Schiffner and M. Srinivasan; submitted by Marc A.; h/t to Irmgard B.)
July 6, 2016
Flamethrowing
Humans have long been fascinated by staring into flames, and the Slow Mo Guys carry on the grand tradition here with 4K, high-speed video of a flamethrower. Like firebreathers, a flamethrower’s fire is the result of a spray of tiny, volatile droplets of fuel. Once ignited, the spray becomes a turbulent jet of flames. Turbulent flows are known for having both large and small-scale structure, and there’s some really great close-ups showing this around the 2:00 mark. Also watch the edges of the flame, where the nearby air has gotten hot enough to shimmer. You can see how the trees in the background ripple and blur as the fire heats up the air and changes its density and refractive index. (Video credit: The Slow Mo Guys)
July 5, 2016
Arriving at Jupiter
Today all eyes turn to Jupiter where NASA’s Juno spacecraft will enter orbit around the gas giant. In preparation, Hubble and ground-based telescopes have been observing Jupiter in both the visible (upper right) and infrared (upper left) spectrum. The lower image shows a 1:5 scale model of Juno and a full-size replica of one of its solar panels; note the mannequin in the lower right corner for scale.
Juno is entering one of the harshest environments in the solar system with intense magnetic fields that trap lethal amounts of radiation around the planet. The lovely blue auroras Hubble sees around Jupiter’s poles are a never-ending hailstorm of solar wind particles hitting Jupiter’s atmosphere. Juno will be studying the structure of Jupiter’s magnetosphere, gravitational field, and its interior, hopefully helping scientists explain how the planet formed and the role it played in the formation of our solar system. (Image credits: infrared Jupiter – ESO/L. Fletcher; Jovian auroras – Hubble/ESA; Juno model and solar panel – N. Sharp)
July 4, 2016