FYFD

Tag: superheating

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    The Explosive Vaporization Derby

    When pressurized, liquids can be superheated to temperatures well above their normal boiling point. When the pressure is released, the liquid will start boiling, sometimes explosively. In this video, researchers explore that dynamic by “racing” a series of liquids against one another. Each racer has been heated to a different temperature beyond the expected boiling point.

    The clear winner is the liquid with the highest overheat; as explained in the latter part of the video, beyond a critical overheat temperature, vaporization waves in the fluid enhance the boiling, helping vaporization take place faster. (Video and image credit: K. Jing et al.)

  • Superheating

    Superheating

    Being hot isn’t always enough to make water boil. To form vapor bubbles, water and other liquids need imperfections that serve as seeds. In the absence of these, the liquid can become superheated, reaching temperatures higher than its boiling point without forming bubbles. Superheated water can be quite dangerous because it appears to be cooler, but once it’s disturbed – thereby breaking its surface tension – vapor bubbles form rapidly and explosively. You can see in the animation above just how quickly and unsteadily a sudden vapor bubble expands as it rises to the surface. (Image credit: C. Kalelkar and K. Raj, source)

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    Slow Mo Geyser

    Geysers are one of the most surreal wonders of our planet – pools of turquoise that periodically erupt into towers of water and steam. But what we see from the surface is only a small part of the story. Geysers require two main ingredients: an intense geothermal heat source and the right plumbing. Below ground, that plumping needs both a reservoir for water to gather and narrow constrictions that encourage the build-up of pressure.

    A cycle begins with water filling the reservoir; this can be both geothermally heated water and groundwater seeping in. As the geyser fills, the pressure at the bottom increases. Eventually, the water becomes superheated, meaning that it’s hotter than its boiling point at standard atmospheric pressure. That’s when the steam bubbles you see above rise to the surface. When they break through, it causes a sudden drop in the reservoir pressure. The superheated water there flashes into steam, causing the geyser to erupt. Check out the full video below for some awesome high-speed video of those eruptions, and, if you’re curious what the inside of an active geyser looks like check out Eric King’s video. (Image and video credit: The Slow Mo Guys; submitted by @eclecticca)

  • Boiling with Sound

    Boiling with Sound

    Ultrasonic vibrations can boil nanoscale liquid layers, according to a new simulation-based study. Above you see a layer of water initially about 2 nm thick. When the surface it’s on vibrates at frequencies in the 100 GHz range – about a billion times faster than a hummingbird flaps – it superheats the thin layer of water. In this case, the film undergoes nucleate boiling, forming the same kinds of bubbles you see when boiling a pot of water. When the water layer gets too thin to support nucleate boiling, it stops boiling but evaporation continues. The transition occurs when van der Waals forces become significant. The technique only works with ultrathin layers of a liquid, but the authors envision broad application possibilities in industry as well as in micro- and nano-scale fluid systems. (Image and research credit, and submission: R. Pillai et al.)

  • Explosive Boiling

    Explosive Boiling

    A superheated liquid can reach temperatures higher than its boiling point without actually boiling – similar to how liquids can be supercooled below their freezing point without solidifying. The photo sequence above shows how explosive the boiling of a superheated water droplet submersed in sunflower oil can be. Image (a) in the lower left shows the superheated droplet resting on the bottom of its container. Then droplet vaporizes explosively in (b), expanding dramatically. The bubble overexpands and and begins to oscillate around its equilibrium radius. This triggers a Rayleigh-Taylor instability in the bubble’s interface, creating the large lobes in © and enlarged in the upper image. Finally, the bubble fragments in (d). See the original paper for more on superheated droplet boiling. (Image credit: M. A. J. van Limbeek et al.; via @AIP_Publishing)

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    Geyser Physics

    Three basic components are necessary for a geyser: water, an intense geothermal heat source, and an appropriate plumbing system. In order to achieve an explosive eruption, the plumbing of a geyser includes both a reservoir in which water can gather as well as some constrictions that encourage the build-up of pressure. A cycle begins with geothermally heated water and groundwater filling the reservoir. As the water level increases, the pressure at the bottom of the reservoir increases. This allows the water to become superheated–hotter than its boiling point at standard pressure. Eventually, the water will boil even at high pressure. When this happens, steam bubbles rise to the surface and burst through the vent, spilling some of the water and thereby reducing the pressure on the water underneath. With the sudden drop in pressure, the superheated water will flash into steam, erupting into a violent boil and ejecting a huge jet of steam and water. For more on the process, check out this animation by Brian Davis, or to see what a geyser looks like on the inside, check out Eric King’s video. (Video credit: Valmurec; idea via Eric K.)