In their natural state, rivers are variable in their course, shifting and meandering. Sometimes they deposit sediment, and sometimes they erode it. In this video, Grady from Practical Engineering digs into the principles behind these changes. With help from Emriver‘s stream tables, which demonstrate years of changes in a river over minutes, Grady shows how changing the sediment load, flow rate, and other factors in a river affect its course. (Video credit: Practical Engineering)
It’s easy in the rush of our daily lives to forget just how dynamic rivers are. In his “Delta Series” conservation photographer Paul Nicklen explores that ever-changing nature from above the Colorado River delta. With the ongoing megadrought in this region and ever-increasing demands for more water, the Colorado no longer flows to the ocean. It trickles its way to a tired end near Baja, Mexico, where its last gasp is not enough to sustain ecosystems that relied on the river’s irrigation long before us. Nicklen’s work is a beautiful portrait of the fractal, tree-like patterns of a slowing river. Find more of Nicklen’s work on his website and Instagram. (Image credit: P. Nicklen; via Colossal)
Avulsions — sudden changes in the course of a river — are a river’s equivalent of an earthquake, and they can be similarly devastating for those in the river’s path. In a recent study, authors combed through 50 years’ worth of satellite data to catalog over 100 avulsions and categorize them into three regimes. About a quarter of the observed avulsions took place in the river delta’s fan, where the river spreads out once it exits a canyon or valley. These avulsions, they found, occur when rivers lose confinement and sediment can build up.
Among the other observations, the team linked avulsion location to the river’s flow properties. Most of these remaining avulsions took place in the river’s backwater region, where the river begins to slow down before its outlet. The last category of avulsion took place far upstream of the backwater region on rivers with high sediment flows. During flood conditions, erosion can travel far upstream on these rivers, causing avulsions in unexpected places. Changes in sediment load due to human activities, like deforestation, could even cause rivers to change from the backwater regime to the high-sediment load one. (Image credit: top – R. Simmon/USGS, bottom – S. Brooke et al.; research credit: S. Brooke et al.; via AGU Eos; submitted by Kam-Yung Soh)
As rivers near the sea, they often slow down and branch out, creating intricate paths through delta wetlands. This video explores the Arctic’s largest river delta, that of the Lena River in Siberia, during its spring and summer flood season. The images were all taken by satellite and processed with color enhancements to highlight patterns in the water. Although this is not quite how the area would appear by eye, all of the visible patterns are real. (Image credit: N. Kuring/NASA’s Ocean Color Web; video credit: K. Hansen; via NASA Earth Observatory)
Rivers often change their course, but they do not always do so gradually. River avulsions are a bit like earthquakes — they happen suddenly and with disastrous potential. Researchers find that these sudden course changes happen when silt builds up in a river and reduces the amount of water it can carry. Eventually, the resistance to flow is large enough that the river bursts its banks in search of an easier route to the sea. That’s a deadly problem for the communities that live nearby and rely on the river’s sedimentation for their fertile farmland. But using small-scale models, scientists are beginning to unravel the physics behind avulsions, bringing hope that they can be predicted or even sustainably averted. (Video and image credit: Science)
The banks of rivers are in constant flux, a pattern most easily captured from above. This satellite image shows a section of the Ivalo River in Finland, swollen with snowmelt after a winter of historic snowfalls. From above we see some of the river’s previous paths. This meandering is a natural result of secondary flows where rivers bend. The water carves away sediment from the outer bank and deposits it on the inner one, exaggerating every curve until the river cuts itself off, leaving behind a sinuous lake detached from the river’s new course. For an interesting (though non-physical) look at meandering, check out this procedural system for generating maps of rivers (thanks to Kam-Yung Soh for sharing). (Image credit: J. Stevens; via NASA Earth Observatory)
Despite wide differences in ecology and geology, rivers around the world share certain fundamental features. Physicists study these characteristics by creating small-scale rivers in the laboratory, like the experiment featured in this Lutetium Project video. Within these systems, scientists can carefully control variables and discover useful patterns, like the two parameters needed to describe the shape of a river’s profile! (Image and video credit: The Lutetium Project)
The Dutch have been exceptional water engineers for centuries, a necessity in a country where more than a quarter of its territory lies below sea level. After a devastating flood in the early 1950s, the country embarked on a decades’ long endeavor to build the massive Delta Works that now protect a large portion of the population from oceanic storm surges that would otherwise flood the countryside.
As part of their efforts to instill resiliency both along the coast and upstream, the Netherlands has shifted dykes, created floodplain habitats, and built water storage into new buildings. With communities around the world at greater flood risk than ever as our climate changes, the Netherlands serves as a shining example of what’s possible with proper planning and investment. (Video and image credit: TED-Ed)
For thousands of years, boats have been a critical component of trade, efficiently enabling transport of goods over large distances. But water’s self-leveling creates challenges when moving up and downstream through rivers and canals. To get around this, engineers use locks, which act as a sort of gravity-driven elevator to lift and lower boats to the appropriate water level. In this video from Practical Engineering, we learn about the basic physics behind locks as well as some of the methods engineers use to limit water loss through the lock. (Image and video credit: Practical Engineering)
The Glen Canyon Dam lies on the Colorado River, upstream of the Grand Canyon. Because the dam blocks sediment from upstream, the region’s only sediment sources are two tributary rivers downstream of the dam. Periodically, the Bureau of Reclamation releases high flows from the dam in order to mimic the seasonal floods that existed on the river before the dam was built. These surge flows pick up hundreds of thousands of tonnes of sediment from the tributary rivers and push it downstream, creating and renewing sand bars and beaches along the Colorado. (Video and image credits: Bureau of Reclamation, 1, 2)