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  • Lincolnshire KH Clouds

    Lincolnshire KH Clouds

    These beautiful Kelvin-Helmholtz clouds were spotted over Lincolnshire on December 19th. They form between two layers of air, one of which is moving faster than the other. Although that situation is not very unusual, the conditions have to be just right for visible clouds to form at that interface between layers, and the clouds themselves are typically short-lived. This set is particularly lovely with its smooth curves and breaking wave form. If you, like me, love these clouds but never manage to see them yourself, you can always try wearing some instead! (Image credit: A. Towriss; via BBC News; submitted by Vince D.)

  • Growing Fingers

    Growing Fingers

    Branching, tree-like structures are found throughout nature. Take a thin layer of a viscous fluid pressed between two glass plates and inject a less viscous fluid like air and you’ll get branch-like structures. These are the result of the Saffman-Taylor instability and usually result in a fairly random outcome because of the instability’s sensitivity to small variations. In a new study, researchers use multiple air injection ports to finely control the formation and growth of air fingers, allowing them to build well-ordered branching structures like the one above. By placing the air ports in an array, the same technique can be used to create fluid meshes. The authors suggest this new technique could have wide-ranging applications including the design of heat exchangers and the growth of artificial tissues. (Image and research credit: T. ul Islam and P. Gandhi, source)

  • Rolling Along

    Rolling Along

    Leidenfrost drops – droplets deposited onto a surface much hotter than their boiling point – are known for their mobility. With the right surface, they can be propelled, trapped, and even guided through a maze, typically by directing the vapor layer that cushions them. But new work shows that these drops have internal dynamics that also contribute to their propulsion.

    By adding tracer particles to each droplet, researchers can visualize flows inside the droplet. Large drops tend to have a flatter shape and contain two or more rotating vortices. Such drops won’t propel themselves without another force in play. But smaller droplets are more spherical and contain only a single rotating flow. Once these drops detach, they roll away! Despite the similarity to wheels, these liquid drops aren’t moving the same way. Remember that the drop is not actually in contact with the surface. To see what sets the drop’s direction, researchers examined the shape of the bottom of the drop. They found that it sits at a slant on its vapor cushion. That pushes evaporating gases out one side, propelling the drop the other way. (Image and video credit: A. Bouillant et al., source)

  • Twisting to Pack

    Twisting to Pack

    One conventional method for packing granular materials is to tap them repeatedly, but a new study suggests that twisting is a faster method. Researchers poured thousands of dice into a cylinder, then twisted the container back and forth. When the acceleration caused by the change in direction exceeded a threshold value, the dice worked their way into ordered layers of concentric rings over ~10,000 cycles. Reaching this maximum packing density through tapping requires a specially designed method where the tapping characteristics change over time. With twisting, shear forces transmitted from the walls of the container tend to align the flat surfaces of the dice, providing an efficient method of ordering if the acceleration is large enough. The researchers hope methods like this may be useful where tapping works poorly, such as in microgravity. (Image and research credit: K. Asencio et al.; via APS Physics; submitted by Kam-Yung Soh)

  • Layered Latte Physics

    Layered Latte Physics

    Latte lovers may be familiar with the layered latte, a beverage with distinctive horizontal layers mixing espresso and milk, but you may not have taken the time to wonder how these layers form. Like many layering phenomena in our oceans, the layered latte is the result of double-diffusive convection. This means that there are two variables that both affect density in the fluid mixture and that they act at different rates.

    In the latte, those factors are 1) the different densities of the milk and espresso and 2) density changes caused as the latte cools to room temperature. A layered latte forms when the lighter espresso is poured into denser milk. If it’s poured quickly enough, the momentum of the pour forces some of the espresso down into the milk, despite the buoyant force that tries to keep the espresso on top. So that initial pour sets up a density gradient that runs from pure espresso at the top to pure milk on the bottom, with varying mixtures of the two in between.

    The distinct layers won’t form until the latte begins cooling off. Along the walls of the container, heat is lost more quickly, causing fluid to cool and start sinking. But a specific bit of fluid can only sink until the fluid surrounding it is the same density. That can carry a cooler bit of latte to the bottom of a layer, but not into the denser layer below. At this point, our bit of latte moves inward, starts to warm up, and circulates up through the center of its layer. As when it sank, the fluid can only move up until it encounters a layer with equal or lesser density, at which point it must move horizontally instead. This thermal convection, combined with the density gradient formed by the initial pour, sets up the distinctive layers of the latte. The layers are quite stable – neither gentle stirring nor taking a sip will disrupt them for long – provided the drink remains warmer than the surrounding air. (Image credits: kopeattugu/Instagram, N. Xue et al.; research credit: N. Xue et al.; via NYTimes; submitted by Kam-Yung Soh)

  • Atmospheric Aerosols

    Atmospheric Aerosols

    Recently, NASA Goddard released a visualization of aerosols in the Atlantic region. The simulation uses real data from satellite imagery taken between August and October 2017 to seed a simulation of atmospheric physics. The color scales in the visualization show concentrations of three major aerosol particles: smoke (gray), sea salt (blue), and dust (brown). One of the interesting outcomes of the simulation is a visualization of the fall Atlantic hurricane season. The high winds from hurricanes help pick up sea salt from the ocean surface and throw it high in the atmosphere, making the hurricanes visible here. Fires in the western United States provide most of the smoke aerosols, whereas dust comes mostly from the Sahara. Tiny aerosol particles serve as a major nucleation source for water droplets, affecting both cloud formation and rainfall. With simulations like these, scientists hope to better understand how aerosols move in the atmosphere and how they affect our weather. (Image credit: NASA Goddard Research Center, source; submitted by Paul vdB)

  • Swimming Like a Balloon

    Swimming Like a Balloon

    For humans, swimming is relatively easy. Kick your legs, wheel your arms, and you’ll move forward. But for microswimmers, swimming can be more complicated. For them, the world is a viscous place, and the rules that we swim by can’t help them get around. In a highly viscous world, flows are reversible. Kick one limb down and you might move forward, but when you pull the limb up, you’ll be sucked right back to where you started. So microswimmers must use asymmetry in their swimming. In other words, their recovery stroke cannot be the mirror-image of their power stroke.

    A new study suggests that simple elastic spheres could make good microswimmers through cyclic inflation and deflation. When the sphere deflates, it buckles, making a shape unlike its inflating one. This difference in shape change is enough to propel the sphere a little with each cycle. Right now the test system is a macroscale one, but the researchers hope to continue miniaturizing. (Image and research credit: A. Djellouli et al.; via APS Physics; submitted by Kam-Yung Soh)

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    Solving Mazes

    Earlier this fall, I attempted my first corn maze. It didn’t work out very well. Early on I unknowingly cut through an area meant to be impassable and thus ended up missing the majority of the maze. Soap, as it turns out, is a much better maze-solver, taking nary a false turn as it heads inexorably to the exit. The secret to soap’s maze-solving prowess is the Marangoni effect.

    Soap has a lower surface tension than the milk that makes up the maze, which causes an imbalance in the forces at the surface of the liquid. That imbalance causes a flow in the direction of higher surface tension; in other words, it tends to pull the soap molecules in the direction of the highest milk concentration. But that explains why the soap moves, not how it knows the right path to take. It turns out that there’s another factor at work. Balancing gravitational forces and surface tension forces shows that the soap tends to spread toward the path with the largest surface area ahead. That’s the maze exit, so Marangoni forces pull the soap right to the way out! (Video credit: F. Temprano-Coleto et al.; research credit: F. Peaudecerf et al.)

    ETA: Based on the latest research results, gravity may play less of a role than originally thought. Instead, it seems as though the soap chooses its path in part through pre-existing background levels of surfactant. As the dye advances, it compresses the background surfactant, decreasing the local surface tension until it is in equilibrium with dyed area. Because longer paths take longer to reach that equilibrium, the dye spreads preferentially toward the largest surface area.

  • Turbulent Volcanic Plumes

    Turbulent Volcanic Plumes

    Volcanic eruptions produce some of the largest flows on Earth. These towering ash clouds were imaged from orbit in May 2017 as an eruption began on Alaska’s Bogoslof Island. The clouds are a beautiful example of a turbulent flow. Turbulence is characterized by its many length scales. Some features in the plume are tens or hundreds of meters across, yet there are also coherent motions down at the centimeter or millimeter scale. In a turbulent flow, energy cascades from these very large scales down to the smallest ones, where viscosity is significant enough to dissipate it. This is part of the challenge of modeling turbulence; to fully describe it, you have to capture what happens at every scale. (Image credit: DigitalGlobe, via Apollo Mapping; submitted by Mark S.)

  • Stopping a Bounce

    Stopping a Bounce

    One way to damp a bouncing ball is to partially fill it with a fluid (a) or granular material (b). For the fluid, the initial impact sloshes the liquid. That doesn’t change the trajectory of the initial bounce noticeably, but it interferes with the second impact, drastically damping the rest of the ball’s bounces until it comes to a stop. A grain-filled ball is similar, at least to begin with. The initial bounce sends the grains flying, forming a granular gas inside the ball. This doesn’t affect the trajectory of the first bounce, but the second impact collapses the granular gas. All the impacts of the grains with one another dissipate the energy of the bounce, and the ball comes to a complete stop. This suggests that a partially-grain-filled container can make a good damper in sport or industrial applications. It also suggests that it might be even better for water-bottle flipping than water is. (Image and research credit: F. Pacheco-Vázquez & S. Dorbolo)

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